Abstract: Wetland, as a unique ecological system, is an important source of atmospheric methane (CH₄), a potent greenhouse gas.Methane (CH₄) emission from the wetland is a ultimate consequence of the production, transport and oxidation of methane.Meanwhile, the methane emission from the wetland is significantly influenced by microbial activities involving methanogens and methanotrophs.In this Review, we summarize current studies on the classification, characterization, metabolic pathways, molecular ecology of methanogens and methanotrophs and related environmental factors affecting methanogens and methanotrophs in the wetland, and the objectives of this Review are to promote studies on methanogens and methanotrophs in the wetland, and further provide the scientific guidance for regulating the methane emission in the wetland.