Abstract: Discharge of sewage brought a large number of pathogenic microorganisms into the ocean, and pose a great threat to the sea water quality and the health of marine life in the adjacent sea area. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the community structure and influencing factors of pathogenic microorganisms from sewage outfalls. This paper summarizes the community structure characteristics of microorganisms in different types of sewage outfalls at home and abroad, highlights the important environmental factors that influence the community structure of microorganisms in sewage outfalls, and further elaborates the effect of pathogenic microorganisms in sewage outfalls on the marine water quality and oceans in the vicinity of the outfall Biological influence.