Effects of temperature, light intensity and salinity on growth and toxin production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins-producing dinoflagellates
YE Zhi-lin, CAO Jie-ru, WU Ni, JIANG Tian-jiu
Red tide and marine biology research center, Jinan University, Key Laboratory of water eutrophication and red tide prevention and control in Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510632, China
Abstract:Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of light intensity(60, 120 and 200 μmol/(m2·s)), temperature(16, 22 and 28℃) and salinity(25, 30 and 35) on growth and paralytic shellfish poisoning(PSP) toxins production by Alexandrium tamarense HongKong strain(ATHK), A. minimum Taiwan strain(AMSY), A. catenella Nanhai strain(ACSY) and Gymnodinium catenatum Fangchenggang strain(GCFC). The results showed that 22℃ was the optimum growth temperature for all the four strains. Low temperature promoted PSP toxins production in all of the four strains. Except for GCFC, PSP toxins production in the other three strains were reduced with the temperature rising. The growth of ATHK and AMSY were positively correlated with light intensity. Toxin production in AMSY and GCFC were also positively correlated with light intensity. Toxicity of both ATHK and ACSY were also affected by light intensity, with maximum toxicity obtained at the light intensity of 120 μmol/(m2·s). Low light intensity inhibited toxin production in all of the four strains. ATHK, AMSY and GCFC all grew well at the salinity of 30, while ACSY grew well at the salinity of 35. Toxin production in ATHK increased with the increasing salinity. Both higher and lower salinities promoted the toxins production in AMSY and ACSY. A high level of toxin was detected in GCFC at the salinity of 30.
YE Zhi-lin,CAO Jie-ru,WU Ni et al. Effects of temperature, light intensity and salinity on growth and toxin production of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins-producing dinoflagellates[J]. Marine Environmental Science, 2018, 37(3): 321-325,348.
ETHERIDGE S M,ROESLER C S.Effects of temperature,irradiance,and salinity on photosynthesis,growth rates,total toxicity,and toxin composition for Alexandriumfundyense isolates from the Gulf of Maine and Bay of Fundy[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2005,52(19/20/21):2491-2500.
[2]
NAVARRO J M,MUÑOZ M G,CONTRERAS A M.Temperature as a factor regulating growth and toxin content in the dinoflagellateAlexandriumcatenella[J].Harmful Algae,2006,5(6):762-769.
[3]
OSHIMA Y.Post-column derivatization HPLC methods for paralytic shellfish poisons[M]//HALLEGRAEFF G M,ANDERSON D M,CEMBELLA A D,et al.Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.IOC Manuals and Guides No.33.France:UNESCO,1995:81-94.
[4]
ANDERSON D M,KULIS D M,QI Y Z,et al.Paralytic shellfish poisoning in southern China[J].Toxicon,1996,34(5):579-590.
HWANG D F,LU Y H.Influence of environmental and nutritional factors on growth,toxicity,and toxin profile of dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum[J].Toxicon,2000,38(11):1491-1503.
[9]
ANDERSON D M,KULIS D M,SULLIVAN J J,et al.Dynamics and physiology of saxitoxin production by the dinoflagellates Alexandrium spp.[J].Marine Biology,1990,104(3):511-524.
[10]
OGATA T,KOIKE K,NOMURA S,et al.Utilization of organic substances for growth and toxin production by Alexandrian tamarense[M]//YASUMOTO T,OSHIMA Y,FUKUYO Y.Harmful and Toxic Algal Blooms.Paris:Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO,1996:343-346.
[11]
GRIBBLE K E,KEAFER B A,QUILLIAM M A,et al.Distribution and toxicity of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) in the Gulf of Maine,USA[J].Deep Sea Research Part Ⅱ:Topical Studies in Oceanography,2005,52(19/20/21):2745-2763.
[12]
CIMINIELLO P,DELL'AVERSANO C,FATTORUSSO E,et al.Toxin profile of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the Northern Adriatic Sea revealed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Toxicon,2006,47(5):597-604.
[13]
TOMAS C R,VAN WAGONER R,TATTERS A O,et al.Alexandrium peruvianum (Balech and Mendiola) Balech and Tangen a new toxic species for coastal North Carolina[J].Harmful Algae,2012,17:54-63.
[14]
GU H F.Morphology,phylogenetic position,and ecophysiology of Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) from the Bohai Sea,China[J].Journal of Systematics and Evolution,2011,49(6):606-616.
LIM P T,USUP G,LEAW C P,et al.First report of Alexandrium taylori and Alexandrium peruvianum (Dinophyceae) in Malaysia waters[J].Harmful Algae,2005,4(2):391-400.
[17]
GRZEBYK D,BÉCHEMIN C,WARD C J,et al.Effects of salinity and two coastal waters on the growth and toxin content of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium minutum[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2003,25(10):1185-1199.
[18]
HAMASAKI K,HORIE M,TOKIMITSU S,et al.Variability in toxicity of the dinoflagellate Alexandrium Tamarense isolated from Hiroshima Bay,Western Japan,as a reflection of changing environmental conditions[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2001,23(3):271-278.
[19]
PARKHILL J P,CEMBELLA A D.Effects of salinity,light and inorganic nitrogen on growth and toxigenicity of the marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense from northeastern Canada[J].Journal of Plankton Research,1999,21(5):939-955.
[20]
LAABIR M,COLLOS Y,MASSERET E,et al.Influence of environmental factors on the paralytic shellfish toxin content and profile of Alexandrium catenella (Dinophyceae) isolated from the mediterranean sea[J].Marine Drugs,2013,11(5):1583-1601.
[21]
MIHALI T K,CARMICHAEL W W,NEILAN B A.A putative gene cluster from a Lyngbya wollei bloom that encodes paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis[J].PLoS One,2012,6(2):e14657.
[22]
MIHALI T K,KELLMANN R,NEILAN B A.Characterisation of the paralytic shellfish toxin biosynthesis gene clusters inAnabaena circinalis AWQC131C and Aphanizomenon sp.NH-5[J].BMC Biochemistry,2009,10:8.
[23]
ANDERSON D M,ALPERMANN T J,CEMBELLA A D,et al.The globally distributed genus Alexandrium:multifaceted roles in marine ecosystems and impacts on human health[J].Harmful Algae,2012,14:10-35.